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Interdisciplinary CompetenceMolecular Diagnostics
Know how in the analysis of genetic material.
For the benefit of patients.

IllnessMicrocephaly + holoprosencephaly spectrum [including septooptic dysplasia]; differential diagnosis

Summary

Short information

Comprehensive differential diagnostic panel for Microcephaly + holoprosencephaly spectrum [including septooptic dysplasia] containing 11 guideline-curated and altogether 14 curated genes according to the clinical suspicion

ID
MP1231
Number of genes
14 Accredited laboratory test
Examined sequence length
23,2 kb (Core-/Core-canditate-Genes)
38,8 kb (Extended panel: incl. additional genes)
Analysis Duration
on request
Material
  • EDTA-anticoagulated blood (3-5 ml)
Diagnostic indications

NGS +

[Sanger]

 

Gene panel

Selected genes

NameExon Length (bp)OMIM-GReferenz-Seq.Heredity
CDON3795NM_016952.5AD
DISP14575NM_032890.5AD
FGF8735NM_033163.5AD
FGFR12469NM_023110.3AD
GLI24761NM_005270.5AD
HESX1558NM_003865.3AD, AR
SHH1389NM_000193.4AD
SIX3999NM_005413.4AD
SUFU1455NM_016169.4AR, AD
TGIF1819NM_173208.3AD
ZIC21599NM_007129.5AD
CNOT17401NM_001265612.2AD
PTCH14344NM_000264.5AD
STAG23807NM_001042749.2XL

Informations about the disease

Clinical Comment

Holoprosencephaly is a complex brain malformation resulting from incomplete cleavage of the prosencephalon, occurring between the 18th-28th day of gestation. Secondarily the skull is microcephalic and the face may be affected. The severity of holoprosencephaly varies greatly among affected individuals, even within the same family. In the most severe forms, the brain does not divide into hemispheres at all, and cyclopia as well as proboscis may develop. In less severe forms, the brain is partially divided and is associated with hypotelorism. Non-syndromic holoprosencephaly often leads to microcephaly - but may also lead to hydrocephalus with macrocephaly. Other consequences of holoprosencephaly include cleft palate, a single central maxillary incisor and microphthalmia. Most individuals with non-syndromic holoprosencephaly exhibit developmental delay as well as intellectual disability. Affected individuals also often suffer from impaired pituitary function such as diabetes insipidus. Dysfunction in other parts of the brain can lead to seizures, problems regulating body temperature, heart rate and breathing and hyposmia or even anosmia. Mutations in 11 genes are associated with holoprosencephaly according to the German microcephaly guidelines. One quarter of affected individuals have a mutation in one of the genes SHH, ZIC2, SIX3 or TGIF1, while other genes are associated with low proportions. Microcephaly based on holoprosencephaly is often inherited in an autosomal dominant manner. Because many patients do not harbor an identified gene mutation, a negative DNA test result does not exclude the clinical diagnosis.

References: https://www.uptodate.com/contents/microcephaly-a-clinical-genetics-approach

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1530/

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1334/

 

Synonyms
  • Allelic: Growth hormone deficiency with pituitary anomalies (HESX1)
  • Allelic: Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism 2 with/-out anosmia (FGFR1)
  • Allelic: Jackson-Weiss syndrome (FGFR1)
  • Allelic: Microphthalmia with coloboma 5 (SHH)
  • Allelic: Osteoglophonic dysplasia (FGFR1)
  • Allelic: Pfeiffer syndrome (FGFR1)
  • Allelic: Pituitary hormone deficiency, combined, 5 (HESX1)
  • Allelic: Schizencephaly (SHH)
  • Allelic: Schizencephaly (SIX3)
  • Allelic: Single median maxillary central incisor (SHH)
  • Allelic: Trigonocephaly 1 (FGFR1)
  • Culler-Jones syndrome [hypopituitarism, mainly GH deficiency and/or postaxial polydactyly] (GLI2)
  • Encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis, somatic mosaic (FGFR1)
  • Hartsfield syndrome [holoprosencephaly, ectrodactyly, cleft/lip palate, mental retardation] (FGFR1)
  • Holoprosencephaly 11 (CDON)
  • Holoprosencephaly 12, with/-out pancreatic agenesis (CNOT1)
  • Holoprosencephaly 12, with/-out pancreatic agenesis (CNOT1) [not in TSO]
  • Holoprosencephaly 13 (STAG2)
  • Holoprosencephaly 2 (SIX3)
  • Holoprosencephaly 3 (SHH)
  • Holoprosencephaly 4 (TGIF1)
  • Holoprosencephaly 5 (ZIC2)
  • Holoprosencephaly 7 (PTCH1)
  • Holoprosencephaly 9 (GLI2)
  • Holoprosencephaly [Am J Med Genet 154C:52–61, 2010] (DISP1)
  • Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism 6 with/-out anosmia
  • Joubert syndrome 32 (SUFU)
  • Septooptic dysplasia (HESX1)
  • Vissers-Bodmer syndrome (CNOT1)
Heredity, heredity patterns etc.
  • AD
  • AR
  • XL
OMIM-Ps
  • Multiple OMIM-Ps
ICD10 Code

Bioinformatics and clinical interpretation

No text defined